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Summary of Transcript:
The video explains the fat-burning process and how it is affected by hormone-sensitive lipase, insulin, glucagon, and catecholamines. Hormone-sensitive lipase is the enzyme responsible for fat breakdown and activation and is dependent on glucagon and epinephrine, which are released during fasting, exercising, or a calorie deficit. Catecholamines activate beta-adrenergic receptors, which turn on the process of starting protein kinase a and phosphorylate both perilipin and hormone-sensitive lipase, allowing the latter to come out and do its job. Fat loss has begun, and triglyceride breakdown occurs to produce energy. The video also mentions the importance of understanding these processes to motivate people to continue with intermittent fasting and keto diets.
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Summary of Description:
In this video, Thomas DeLauer discusses the basics of fat loss through the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) enzyme. HSL is responsible for the hydrolysis of fat in the body and is inversely proportional to insulin levels in the blood. When insulin levels increase, levels of HSL decrease, which can hinder fat loss. The process of lipolysis, or the mobilization of fatty acids from adipocytes, is regulated by hormones and cytokines in adipocytes, with lipolytic hormones stimulating cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which in turn phosphorylates HSL and perilipin in adipocytes. Fat loss is a coordinated three-step process catalyzed by three different enzymes. Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) performs the first step of triglyceride hydrolysis, while HSL performs the second step, and monoglyceride lipase (MGL) generates glycerol and the third fatty acid.
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Are you struggling to shed those unwanted pounds? You might be interested in learning about hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). According to Thomas DeLauer, a successful fitness coach and nutrition expert, HSL is a chemically structured enzyme that helps your body break down fat. The levels of HSL in your body are inversely proportional to the insulin levels in your blood. As insulin increases, HSL decreases, meaning less fat is burned. This is why keeping your insulin levels in check is important if you want to lose weight.
Thomas DeLauer explains that under fasting conditions, glucagon promotes the formation of the active form of HSL when minimal insulin is in your blood. When epinephrine is present, it further increases triglyceride hydrolysis, producing free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol. Glycerol is carried to the liver, which enters gluconeogenesis, while FFA is carried to tissues, which are catabolized for energy.
Another enzyme that’s crucial for the breakdown of fat is adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). This enzyme has a high specificity for triacylglycerides, which means it performs the first step of the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides, generating diglycerides (DGs) and fatty acids (FAs).
Ultimately, lipolysis, defined as the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipocytes, is under the control of various hormones and cytokines in adipocytes. Lipolytic hormones such as catecholamines and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) stimulate cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), phosphorylating HSL and perilipin in adipocytes. Perilipin is another key protein that promotes HSL-mediated adipocyte lipolysis.
In conclusion, if you want to lose fat and keep it off, it’s important to maintain healthy insulin levels and promote the activity of enzymes such as HSL and ATGL. Research, talk to a doctor, and engage in healthy habits such as good nutrition and regular exercise. Remember that it takes time and effort, but the results are worth it.
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Basics of Fat Loss | Simple Science that You Can Use – Thomas DeLauer
HSL
Hormone-sensitive lipase is a complex chemically structured enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of fat in your body.
The hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) levels in your body are inversely proportional to the serum levels of insulin. This means that as the levels of HSL decrease, the insulin levels in your blood increase.
Simply put, it’s what burns your fat deposits.
The only site for regulation of fatty acid oxidation is at the level of hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue (more later)
Under fasting conditions, with minimal insulin in the blood, glucagon promotes the formation of the phosphorylated, active form of hormone-sensitive lipase.
When epinephrine is present, it further shifts the equilibrium to active hormone-sensitive lipase, increasing the hydrolysis of triglycerides to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol.
The glycerol is carried to the liver, where it enters gluconeogenesis, while the FFA are carried on serum albumin to the tissues where they are catabolized for energy.
The liver uses some of the energy from fat mobilization to support gluconeogenesis.
Adipose Triglyceride Lipase
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) was the first lipase known to hydrolyze triacylglycerols in rat adipose tissue (1988) until the identification of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in 2004
While HSL could catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides, diacylglycerides, and various cholesterol ester species, ATGL showed high substrate specificity for triacylglycerides.
To date, three major lipases have been identified: Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) performs the first step of TG hydrolysis, generating diglycerides (DGs) and FAs.
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) performs the second step and hydrolyzes DGs, generating monoglycerides (MGs) and FAs.
In contrast to ATGL, HSL exhibits a broader substrate specificity, also hydrolyzing TGs, cholesteryl esters, MGs, and retinyl esters in addition to DGs
Monoglyceride lipase (MGL) is selective for MGs and generates glycerol and the third FA – thus, lipolysis constitutes a coordinated three-step process catalyzed by three different enzymes, which degrade TG into glycerol and FAs.
End
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) is essential for lipolysis, defined as the mobilization of free fatty acids from adipocytes.
Various hormones and cytokines in adipocytes control lipolysis. Lipolytic hormones such as catecholamines and ACTH stimulate cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), phosphorylating hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and perilipin in adipocytes.
References
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2) Hormone-sensitive lipase. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.jlr.org/content/43/10/1585.full
3) Ruiz G , et al. (n.d.). Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity and lipolysis in adipose tissue. Effect of fasting, oligomycin, and iodoacetamide. – PubMed – NCBI. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6280256
4) What is Hormone-Sensitive Lipase? (n.d.). Retrieved from https://bodytomy.com/hormone-sensitive-lipase
5) Lipolysis in the Absence of Hormone-Sensitive Lipase. (2002, December 1). Retrieved from http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/51/12/3368
6) Perilipin – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/perilipin
7) Perilipin Promotes Hormone-sensitive Lipase-mediated Adipocyte Lipolysis via Phosphorylation-dependent and -independent Mechanisms. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.jbc.org/content/281/23/15837.full
8) The Phosphorylation of Serine 492 of Perilipin A Directs Lipid Droplet Fragmentation and Dispersion. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.jbc.org/content/281/17/11901.full
9) Elkins DA and Spurlock DM. (n.d.). Phosphorylation of perilipin is associated with indicators of lipolysis in Holstein cows. – PubMed – NCBI. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19585405
10) Schweiger M , et al. (n.d.). Adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase are the major enzymes in adipose tissue triacylglycerol catabolism. – PubMed – NCBI. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17074755
11) Kershaw EE et al. (n.d.). Adipose triglyceride lipase: function, regulation by insulin, and comparison with adiponectin. – PubMed – NCBI. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380488
12) Adipose Triglyceride Lipase – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/adipose-triglyceride-lipase
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