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Summary of Transcript:
Peter Etia Matt are discussing the complexity of the relationship between nutrition and longevity. They note that even when looking at a single drug, such as rapamycin, there are still many factors to consider such as timing, dose, and frequency. They also note that it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions when trying to understand the optimal nutrition for human health, as it is complicated to study due to the changing environment and slow aging process of humans. They suggest that a good first order approach is to assess if a person is over-nourished or under-nourished, under-muscled or adequately muscled, and metabolically healthy or not.
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Summary of Description:
In this episode, Dr. Matt Kaeberlein and Peter Attia discuss the biology of aging and nutrition as it relates to longevity. They go in-depth on the literature on calorie restriction (CR), the epigenetic changes that occur with age, the impact of dietary protein on aging, and the impact of IGF-1 signaling and growth hormone on lifespan. They also discuss potential benefits and downsides of epigenetic reprogramming and the first potential applications of anti-aging therapies.
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# Nutrition and Aging: Exploring the Impact of Diet on Lifespan and Healthspan
In this episode of The Drive, Peter Attia is joined by Dr. Matt Kaeberlein, a globally recognized expert on the biology of aging and recurring on The Drive. Together, they explore the impact of nutrition on aging and longevity and discuss the results from Matt’s recent review article in Science.
## Calorie Restriction
Calorie restriction (CR) is a dietary intervention that has been shown to improve longevity in animal models. Matt explains the nuance, benefits and potential downsides of CR. He also discusses the epigenetic changes that occur with age and potential benefits and downsides of epigenetic reprogramming, often viewed as a panacea for reversing aging.
## Impact of Dietary Protein
Matt and Peter also discuss the impact of dietary protein on aging, including the interesting dichotomy around how protein, a critical macronutrient, and rapamycin, a geroprotective molecule, have opposite effects on mTOR. Additionally, he talks about low-protein vs. high-protein diets and their effects on muscle mass and mortality, as well as the impact of IGF-1 signaling and growth hormone on lifespan.
## Anti-Aging Diets: Separating Fact From Fiction
Matt also explains his 2021 review article in Science, which looks at anti-aging diets and attempts to separate fact from fiction. He discusses nutritional interventions that consistently impact lifespan in mice, and raises concerns around the efficacy of these interventions in humans. He also talks about the differing impact of calorie restriction when started later in life, and the potential lifespan extension with rapamycin in older mice.
## Concluding Thoughts
At the end of the episode, Matt and Peter discuss the contribution of nutrition to healthspan and lifespan. They emphasize the importance of understanding the nuances of nutrition and the potential impact of dietary interventions for aging. They also offer tips for aging well and highlight the need for further research into the impact of nutrition on aging.
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Dr. Matt Kaeberlein is a globally recognized expert on the biology of aging and recurring on The Drive. In this episode, Matt explains his research findings on nutrition as it relates to aging and longevity, including the results from his recent review article in Science. From there, he and Peter dive deep into the literature on calorie restriction (CR), explaining the nuance, benefits for lifespan and healthspan, and potential downsides of CR. He discusses the epigenetic changes that occur with age and potential benefits and downsides of epigenetic reprogramming, often viewed as a panacea for reversing aging. Matt also explains the impact of dietary protein on aging, including the interesting dichotomy around how protein, a critical macronutrient, and rapamycin, a geroprotective molecule, have opposite effects on mTOR. Additionally, he talks about low-protein vs. high-protein diets and their effects on muscle mass and mortality, as well as the impact of IGF-1 signaling and growth hormone on lifespan.
We discuss:
0:00:00 – Intro
0:00:08 – Challenges with understanding the effects of nutrition and studying interventions for aging
0:05:26 – How Peter’s and Matt’s convictions on nutrition and thoughts optimal health have evolved
0:14:48 – Calorie restriction for improving lifespan in animal models
0:21:05 – Utility of epigenetic clocks and possibility of epigenetic reprogramming
0:32:09 – Mutations and changes to the epigenome with aging
0:36:21 – Epigenetic reprogramming: potential benefits and downsides and whether it can work in every organ/tissue
0:44:43 – First potential applications of anti-aging therapies and tips for for aging well
0:49:40 – Impact of calorie restriction on the immune system, muscle mass, and strength
0:59:34 – Insights from famous calorie restriction studies in rhesus macaques
1:09:18 – An evolutionary perspective of the human diet
1:19:10 – Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction—Matt’s 2021 review in Science
1:27:39 – Mouse models of time-restricted feeding in the context of calorie restriction
1:36:38 – Nutritional interventions that consistently impact lifespan in mice, and concerns around efficacy in humans
1:41:46 – Differing impact of calorie restriction when started later in life
1:49:02 – Lifespan extension with rapamycin in older mice
1:55:38 – Relationship between protein intake and aging, and mouse studies showing protein restriction can extend lifespan
2:04:07 – Impact of protein intake on mTOR, and why inhibition of mTOR doesn’t cause muscle loss
2:09:37 – Low-protein vs. high-protein diets and their effects on muscle mass, mortality, and more
2:22:16 – The impact of IGF-1 signaling and growth hormone on lifespan
2:37:23 – Parting thoughts on the contribution of nutrition to healthspan and lifespan
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About:
The Peter Attia Drive is a weekly, ultra-deep-dive podcast focusing on maximizing health, longevity, critical thinking…and a few other things. With over 45 million episodes downloaded, it features topics including fasting, ketosis, Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, mental health, and much more.
Peter is a physician focusing on the applied science of longevity. His practice deals extensively with nutritional interventions, exercise physiology, sleep physiology, emotional and mental health, and pharmacology to increase lifespan (delay the onset of chronic disease), while simultaneously improving healthspan (quality of life).
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Disclaimer: This podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing, or other professional healthcare services, including the giving of medical advice. No doctor-patient relationship is formed. The use of this information and the materials linked to this podcast is at the user’s own risk. The content on this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice for any medical condition they have, and they should seek the assistance of their healthcare professionals for any such conditions. I take conflicts of interest very seriously. For all of my disclosures and the companies I invest in or advise, please visit my website where I keep an up-to-date and active list of such companies.
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